Higher Classification: > Kingdom Chromista > Subkingdom Harosa > Infrakingdom Alveolata > Phylum Myzozoa > Subphylum Dinozoa > Infraphylum Dinoflagellata > Class Dinophyceae > Order Dinophyceae incertae sedis > Genus Levanderina

Levanderina fissa (Levander) Moestrup, Hakanen, Gert Hansen, Daugbjerg & M.Ellegaard, 2014

Rank: Species
Taxon Status: accepted

Relationships towards this taxon

Genus group names

*Levanderina*	Ø.Moestrup, P.Hakanen, G.Hansen, N.Daugbjerg & M.Ellegaard, 2014	accepted genus name

Species group names

*Gymnodinium fissum*	Levander, 1894	basionym
*Gymnodinium uncatenatum*	(Hulburt) Hallegraeff, 2002	synonym
*Gyrodinium fissum*	(Levander) Kofoid & Swezy, 1921	synonym
*Gyrodinium pavillardii*	Biecheler, 1952	synonym
*Gyrodinium uncatenum*	Hulburt, 1957	synonym

Literature

basis of record	Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2025). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. searched on YYYY-MM-DD.
new combination reference	Moestrup, Ø.; Hakanen, P.; Hansen, G.; Daugbjerg, N.; Ellegaard, M. (2014). On Levanderina fissa gen. & comb. nov. (Dinophyceae) (syn. Gymnodinium fissum, Gyrodinium instriatum, Gyr. uncatenum), a dinoflagellate with a very unusual sulcus. Phycologia. 53(3): 265-292.
ecology source	Bockstahler, K. R.; Coats, D. W. (1993). Grazing of the mixotrophic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium sanguineum on ciliate populations of Chesapeake Bay. Marine Biology. 116(3): 477-487.
ecology source	Leles, S. G.; Mitra, A.; Flynn, K. J.; Tillmann, U.; Stoecker, D.; Jeong, H. J.; Burkholder, J.; Hansen, P. J.; Caron, D. A.; Glibert, P. M.; Hallegraeff, G.; Raven, J. A.; Sanders, R. W.; Zubkov, M. (2019). Sampling bias misrepresents the biogeographical significance of constitutive mixotrophs across global oceans. Global Ecology and Biogeography. 28(4): 418-428.
ecology source	Mitra, A.; Caron, D. A.; Faure, E.; Flynn, K. J.; Leles, S. G.; Hansen, P. J.; McManus, G. B.; Not, F.; Do Rosario Gomes, H.; Santoferrara, L. F.; Stoecker, D. K.; Tillmann, U. (2023). The Mixoplankton Database (MDB): Diversity of photo‐phago‐trophic plankton in form, function, and distribution across the global ocean. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 70(4).
ecology source	Biecheler, B. (1952). Recherches sur les Péridiniens. Bulletin biologique de la France et de la Belgique. Supplément. 36: 1-149.
ecology source	Uchida, T.; Kamiyama, T.; Matsuyama, Y. (1997). Predation by a photosynthetic dinoflagellate Gyrodinium instriatum on loricated ciliates. Journal of Plankton Research. 19(5): 603-608.

Genbank

Taxonomy

Published in AlgaeBase

Citation

Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2025). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway (taxonomic information republished from AlgaeBase with permission of M.D. Guiry). Levanderina fissa (Levander) Moestrup, Hakanen, Gert Hansen, Daugbjerg & M.Ellegaard, 2014. Via: Costello, M.J.; Bouchet, P.; Boxshall, G.; Arvantidis, C.; Appeltans, W. (2011) European Register of Marine Species, Accessed through PESI at http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:840689