Higher Classification: > Kingdom Animalia > Subkingdom Parazoa > Phylum Porifera > Subphylum Cellularia > Class Demospongiae > Subclass Heteroscleromorpha > Order Clionaida > Family Spirastrellidae > Genus Spirastrella

Spirastrella cunctatrix Schmidt, 1868

Rank: Species
Taxon Status: accepted

Relationships towards this taxon

Genus group names

*Spirastrella*	Schmidt, 1868	accepted genus name

Vernaculars (+) (-)

English: encrusting orange sponge; encrusting sponge; orange ray sponge; orange vented sponge sources: Bermuda Biodiversity Database;Cole, T. C. H. (2017). Wörterbuch der Wirbellosen / Dictionary of Invertebrates. Latein-Deutsch-English. 2017. Springer Spektrum: Berlin. ISBN 978-3-662-52869-3. XII, 574 pp.

French: éponge encroûtante orange

German: orangefarbener Strahlenschwamm; Oranger Strahlenschwamm sources: Cole, T. C. H. (2017). Wörterbuch der Wirbellosen / Dictionary of Invertebrates. Latein-Deutsch-English. 2017. Springer Spektrum: Berlin. ISBN 978-3-662-52869-3. XII, 574 pp.

Italian: spirastrella; spugna rossa

Spanish, Castillian: esponja incrustante naranja

Literature

original description	Schmidt, O. (1868). Die Spongien der Küste von Algier. Mit Nachträgen zu den Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres (Drittes Supplement). (Wilhelm Engelmann: Leipzig): i-iv, 1-44, pls I-V.
basis of record	Rützler, K. (2002). Family Spirastrellidae Ridley & Dendy, 1886. Pp. 220-223. In: Hooper, J.N.A.; Van Soest, R.W.M. (eds) Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. 2 volumes. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, 1708 + xvliii. ISBN 0-306-47260-0 (printed version).
basis of record	Rützler, K. (2002 [2004]). Family Spirastrellidae Ridley & Dendy, 1886. Pp. 220-223. In: Hooper, J.N.A.; Van Soest, R.W.M. (eds) Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, 1708 + xvliii. ISBN 978-1-4615-0747-5 (eBook electronic version).
additional source	Desqueyroux-Faúndez, R. (1990). Sponges (Demospongiae) from Easter Island (Isla de Pascua) (South Pacific Ocean). Revue Suisse de Zoologie. 97(2): 373-410.
additional source	Labate, M.; Arena, P. (1964). La fauna dei Poriferi nei laghi di Ganzirri e Faro (Messina). Archivo Zoologico Italiano. 49: 249-280.
additional source	Vacelet, J.; Vasseur, P.; Lévi, C. (1976). Spongiaires de la pente externe des récifs coralliens de Tuléar (Sud-Ouest de Madagascar). Mémoires du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (A, Zoologie). 49:1-116, pls I-X.
additional source	Lévi, C. (1965). Spongiaires récoltés par l'expédition israélienne dans le sud de la Mer Rouge en 1962. In: Israel South Red Sea Expedition, 1962, Report 13. Sea Fisheries Research Station Haifa Bulletin. 39, 3-27.
additional source	Burton, M. (1936). The fishery ground near Alexandria. IX. Sponges. Notes and Memoirs of the Fisheries Research Directorate, Cairo. 17: 1-28.
additional source	Topsent, E. (1925). Etude des Spongiaires du Golfe de Naples. Archives de Zoologie expérimentale et générale. 63(5): 623-725, pl. VIII.
additional source	Corriero, G.; Scalera-Liaci, L.; Ruggiero, D.; Pansini, M. (2000). The sponge community of a semi-submerged Mediterranean cave. Marine Ecology. 21 (1), 85-96.
additional source	Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1978). Report on a Collection of Sponges from the Bay of Naples. III Hadromerida, Axinellida, Poecilosclerida, Halichondrida, Haplosclerida. Bollettino dei Musei e degli Istituti Biologici dell'Universitá di Genova. 45: 7-89.
additional source	Evcen, A.; Özalp, B. (2023). Marine invertebrate fauna (Porifera, Anthozoa) and biodiversity status on the historically important wreck sites of HMS Majestic and Helles Barges (Northern Aegean coast of Türkiye). pp. 56-72 in Öz, M.İ. (Ed.) 2023. Shipwrecks of the Gallipoli Campaign and Protection of Marine Biodiversity. Turkish Marine Research Foundation (TUDAV) Publication no: 69, İstanbul, Türkiye.
additional source	Boury-Esnault, N. (1971). Spongiaires de la zone rocheuse de Banyuls-sur-Mer. II. Systématique. Vie et Milieu. 22(2): 287-349.
additional source	Đorđević, N.; Petović, S. (2020). Diversity and distribution of class Demospongiae (phylum Porifera) in the Boka Kotorska bay. Studia Marina. 33 (2): 5-14.
additional source	Lévi, C. (1957). Spongiaires des côtes d'Israel. Bulletin of the Research Council of Israel. 6 B(3-4): 201-212.
additional source	Laubenfels, M.W. de. (1936). A comparison of the shallow-water sponges near the Pacific end of the Panama Canal with those at the Caribbean end. Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 83 (2993): 441-466.
additional source	Evcen, A.; Çinar, M.E. (2012). Sponge (Porifera) species from the Mediterranean coast of Turkey (Levantine Sea, eastern Mediterranean), with a checklist of sponges from the coasts of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology,. 36, 460-464.
additional source	Gerovasileiou, V.; Voultsiadou, E. (2012). Marine Caves of the Mediterranean Sea: A Sponge Biodiversity Reservoir within a Biodiversity Hotspot. PLoS ONE. 7(7): e39873.
additional source	Sarà, M. (1961). La fauna di Poriferi delle grotte delle isole Tremiti. Studio ecologico e sistematico. Archivio zoologico italiano. 46: 1-59,pls I-II.
additional source	Bibiloni, M-A; Gili,J-M. (1982). Primera aportación al conocimiento de las cuevas de la Isla de Mallorca. Oecologia aquatica. 6: 227-234.
additional source	Liu, J.Y. [Ruiyu] (ed.). (2008). Checklist of marine biota of China seas. China Science Press. 1267 pp.
additional source	Vacelet, J.; Vasseur, P. (1971). Éponges des récifs coralliens de Tuléar (Madagascar). Téthys. Supplément 1: 51-126.
additional source	Sarà, M. (1958). Contributo all consoscenza dei Poriferi del Mar Ligure. Annali di Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Genova. 70(1): 207-244.
additional source	Pouliquen, L. (1972). Les spongiaires des grottes sous-marines de la région de Marseille: Ecologie et systématique. Téthys. 3(4): 717-758.
additional source	Evcen, A.; Cinar, M.E. (2015). Bioeroding sponge species (Porifera) in the Aegean Sea (Eastern Mediterranean). J. Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment. 21 (3): 285-306.
additional source	Sarà, M. (1960). Poriferi del litorale dell'isola d'lschia e loro ripartizioneper ambienti. Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli. 31(3):421-472, pls XII-XIII.
additional source	Sarà, M.; Siribelli, L. (1960). La fauna di Poriferi delle 'secche' del Golfo di Napoli. 1. La 'secca' della Gaiola. Annuario dell'Istituto e Museo de Zoologia dell'Università di Napoli. 12(3): 1-93.
additional source	Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1986). A collection of West Indian Demospongiae (Porifera). In appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the West Indies. Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale Giacomo Doria. 86: 65-216.
additional source	Roveta, C.; Marrocco, T.; Calcinai, B.; Pulido Mantas, T.; Pica, D.; Valisano, L.; Puce, S. (2022). Unravelling the sponge diversity of the Tuscan Archipelago National Park (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy). The European Zoological Journal. 89(1): 310-323.
additional source	Ben Mustapha, K; Zarrouk, S.; Souissi, A.; El Abed, A. (2003). Diversité des Démosponges Tunisiennes. Bulletin Institut national des Sciences et Technologies de la mer de Salammbô. 30, 55-78.
additional source	Rützler, K. (1966). Die Poriferen einer sorrentiner Höhle. Ergebnisse der Österreichischen Tyrrhenia-Expedition 1952. Teil. XVIII. Zoologischer Anzeiger. 176 (5), 303-319.
additional source	Aloui-Bejaoui, N.; Afli, A. (2012). Functional diversity of the macro-invertebrate community in the port area of Kerkennah Islands (Tunisia). Mediteranean Marine Science. 13 (1): 93-102.
additional source	Topsent, E. (1938). Contribution nouvelle à la connaissance des Eponges des côtes d'Algérie. Les espèces nouvelles d'O. Schmidt, 1868. Bulletin de l'Institut océanographique, Monaco. 758: 1-32.
additional source	Hentschel, E. (1909). Tetraxonida. I. Teil. Pp. 347-402, pls XXII-XXIII. In: Michaelsen, W. & Hartmeyer, R. (Eds), Die Fauna Südwest-Australiens. Ergebnisse der Hamburger südwest-australischen Forschungsreise 1905. 2 :21.
additional source	Varsha, M.S.; ; Ranjith, L.; Varghese, M.; Joshi, K.K.; Sethulakshmi, M.; Prasad, A.R.; Antony, T.P.; Parvathy. M.S.; Jesuraj, N.; Muthukrishnan, P.; Ravindren, I.; Paulpondi, A.; Kanthan, K.P.; Karuppuswami, M.; Biswas, M.; Gopalakrishnan, A. (2020). Biodiversity of sponges (Phylum: Porifera) off Tuticorin, India. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India. 62(2): 40-57.
additional source	Costa, G.; Giussani, V.; Kletou, D.; Kleitou, P.; Pansini, M.; Setti, A.; Pronzato, R.; Bertolino, M. (2018). A first preliminary study of the shallow water sponge fauna from Cyprus Island (Eastern Mediterranean). Zootaxa. 4450(5): 594.
additional source	Costa, G.; Betti, F.; Nepote, E.; Cattaneo-Vietti, R.; Pansini, M.; Bavestrello, G.; Bertolino, M. (2018). Sponge community variations within two semi-submerged caves of the Ligurian Sea (Mediterranean Sea) over a half-century time span. The European Zoological Journal. 85 (1): 382-392.
additional source	Krikech, I.; Le Pennec, G.; Ezziyyani, M. (2022). Preliminary study of the shallow water sponges (Demospongiae) from the north-central Moroccan Mediterranean coast. AACL Bioflux. 15 (1): 305-313.
additional source	Lehnert, H. (1993). Die Schwämme von Cozumel (Mexiko). Bestandsaufnahme, kritischer Vergleich taxonomischer Merkmale, und Beschreibung einer neuen Art (The sponges from Cozumel (Mexico). Inventory, critical comparison of taxonomic characters and description of a new species. Acta Biolologica Benrodis. 5: 35-127 (in German, with abstracts in German and English).
additional source	Lévi, C. (1959). Résultats scientifiques des Campagnes de la ‘Calypso'. Campagne de la ‘Calypso' dans le Golfe de Guinée et aux îles Principe, São Tomé et Annobon. 5. Spongiaires. Annales de l'Institut océanographique. 37 (4): 115-141, pls 5-6.
additional source	Gerovasileiou, V.; Voultsiadou, E. (2016). Sponge diversity gradients in marine caves of the eastern Mediterranean. In: Schönberg C.H.L., Fromont J., Hooper J.N.A., Sorokin S., Zhang W. & de Voogd N (eds) New Frontiers in Sponge Science. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 96: 407-416.
additional source	Carballo, J.L.; Garcia-Gómez, J.C. (1994). Esponjas del Estrecho de Gibraltar y áreas próximas, con nuevas aportaciones para la fauna Iberica [Porifera from the Straits of Gibraltar and nearby areas, new species of the Iberian fauna]. Cahiers de Biologie Marine. 35(2): 193-211.
additional source	Voultsiadou, E. (2005). Sponge diversity in the Aegean Sea: Check list and new information. Italian Zoology. 72 (1): 53-64.
additional source	Laubenfels, M.W. de. (1956). Preliminary discussion of the sponges of Brasil. Contribuições Avulsas Instituto Oceanografico. São Paulo. 1: 1-4.
additional source	Wiedenmayer, F. (1977). Shallow-water sponges of the western Bahamas. Experientia Supplementum. 28: 1-287, pls 1-43.
additional source	Rützler, K. (1965). Systematik und Ökologie der Poriferen aus Litoral-Schattengebieten der Nordadria. Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Ökologie der Tiere. 55(1): 1-82.
additional source	Harmelin, J.-G.; Boury-Esnault, N.; Fichez, R.; Vacelet, J.; Zibrowius, H. (2003). Peuplement de la grotte sous-marine de l'ile de Bagaud (Parc national de Port-Cros, France, Méditerranée). Rapport scientifique du Parc national de Port-Cros. 19: 117-134.
additional source	Hussein, K.B.; Talet, L.B. (2019). A preliminary inventory of biodiversity and benthic habitats of “Plane” Island (Paloma) in Oran Bay, north western Algeria, (western Mediterranean). Journal of the Black Sea / Mediterranean Environment. 25 (1): 49-72.
additional source	Boury-Esnault, N.; Klautau, M.; Bézac, C.; Wulff, J.; Solé-Cava, A.M. (1999). Comparative study of putative conspecific sponge populations from both sides of the Isthmus of Panama. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 79(1): 39-50.
additional source	Longo, C.; Cardone, F.; Pierri, C.; Mercurio, M.; Mucciolo, S.; Marzano, C.N.; Corriero, G. (2018). Sponges associated with coralligenous formations along the Apulian coasts. Marine Biodiversity. 48(4): 2151-2163.
additional source	Corriero, G.; Scalera-Liaci, L.; Gristina, M.; Riggio, S.; Mercurio, M. (1997). Composizione tassonomica e distribuzione della fauna e Poriferi e Briozoi in una grotta semisommersa della riserva naturale marina "Isola di Ustica". Biologia Marina Mediterranea. 4 (1), 34-43.
additional source	Marra, M.V.; Bertolino, M.; Pansini, M.; Giacobbe, S.; Manconi, R.; Pronzato, R. (2016). Long-term turnover of the sponge fauna in Faro Lake (North-East Sicily, Mediterranean Sea). Italian Journal of Zoology. 1-10.
additional source	Van Soest, R.W.M. (2001). Porifera, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels. 50: 85-103.
additional source	Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1983). A collection of Mediterranean Demospongiae (Porifera) with, in appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the Mediterranean Sea. Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale Giacomo Doria. 84: 445-621.

Genbank

Citation

de Voogd, N.J.; Alvarez, B.; Boury-Esnault, N.; Cárdenas, P.; Díaz, M.-C.; Dohrmann, M.; Downey, R.; Goodwin, C.; Hajdu, E.; Hooper, J.N.A.; Kelly, M.; Klautau, M.; Lim, S.C.; Manconi, R.; Morrow, C.; Pinheiro, U.; Pisera, A.B.; Ríos, P.; Rützler, K.; Schönberg, C.; Turner, T.; Vacelet, J.; van Soest, R.W.M.; Xavier, J. (2025). World Porifera Database. Spirastrella cunctatrix Schmidt, 1868. Via: Costello, M.J.; Bouchet, P.; Boxshall, G.; Arvantidis, C.; Appeltans, W. (2011) European Register of Marine Species, Accessed through PESI at http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:134235