Higher Classification: > Kingdom Animalia > Subkingdom Parazoa > Phylum Porifera

Hexactinellida Schmidt, 1870

Rank: Class
Taxon Status: accepted

Children

Amphidiscophora Schulze, 1886
Hexasterophora Schulze, 1886

Vernaculars (+) (-)

English: glass sponges; hexactinellid sponges

German: Glasschwämme; Hexactinelliden sources: Cole, T. C. H. (2017). Wörterbuch der Wirbellosen / Dictionary of Invertebrates. Latein-Deutsch-English. 2017. Springer Spektrum: Berlin. ISBN 978-3-662-52869-3. XII, 574 pp.

Japanese: 六放海綿綱

Literature

original description	Schmidt, O. (1870). Grundzüge einer Spongien-Fauna des atlantischen Gebietes. (Wilhelm Engelmann: Leipzig): iii-iv, 1-88, pls I-VI.
basis of record	Reiswig, H.M. (2002 [2004]). Class Hexactinellida Schmidt, 1870. pp 1201-1210. In: Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (2002 [2004]). Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges (2 volumes). Kluwer Academic/Plenum, NY. 1708 + XLVIII. ISBN 978-1-4615-0747-5 (eBook electronic version).
basis of record	Reiswig, H.M. (2002). Class Hexactinellida Schmidt, 1870. pp 1201-1202 In Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (ed.) Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. 2 (Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers: New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow. ISBN 0-306-47260-0 (printed version).
additional source	Costello, M.J., C. Emblow & R. White (EdS.). (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50. Muséum national d'Histoire Naturelle: Paris, France. 463 pp.
additional source	Dohrmann, M.; Reiswig, H.M.; Kelly, M.; Mills, S.; Schätzle, S.; Reverter, M.; Niesse, N.; Rohde, S.; Schupp, P.; Wörheide, G. (2023). Expanded sampling of New Zealand glass sponges (Porifera: Hexactinellida) provides new insights into biodiversity, chemodiversity, and phylogeny of the class. PeerJ. 11: e15017.
additional source	Dohrmann, M. (2019). Progress in glass sponge phylogenetics: a comment on Kersken et al. (2018). Hydrobiologia. 843: 51-59.
additional source	Botting, J. P.; Zhang, Y.; Muir, L. A. (2017). Discovery of missing link between demosponges and hexactinellids confirms palaeontological model of sponge evolution. Scientific Reports. 7(1).
additional source	Margulis, L.; Schwartz, K.V. (1998). Five Kingdoms: an illustrated guide to the Phyla of life on earth. 3rd edition. Freeman: New York, NY (USA). ISBN 0-7167-3027-8. xx, 520 pp.
additional source	Dohrmann, M.; Kelley, C.; Kelly, M.; Pisera, A.; Hooper, J.N.A.; Reiswig, H.M. (2017). An integrative systematic framework helps to reconstruct skeletal evolution of glass sponges (Porifera, Hexactinellida). Frontiers in Zoology. 14: 18.
biology source	Leys S.P., Mackie G.O., Reiswig H.M. (2007). The biology of glass sponges. Advances in Marine Biology. 52: 1-145.

Genbank

Citation

de Voogd, N.J.; Alvarez, B.; Boury-Esnault, N.; Cárdenas, P.; Díaz, M.-C.; Dohrmann, M.; Downey, R.; Goodwin, C.; Hajdu, E.; Hooper, J.N.A.; Kelly, M.; Klautau, M.; Lim, S.C.; Manconi, R.; Morrow, C.; Pinheiro, U.; Pisera, A.B.; Ríos, P.; Rützler, K.; Schönberg, C.; Turner, T.; Vacelet, J.; van Soest, R.W.M.; Xavier, J. (2025). World Porifera Database. Hexactinellida. Via: Costello, M.J.; Bouchet, P.; Boxshall, G.; Arvantidis, C.; Appeltans, W. (2011) European Register of Marine Species, Accessed through PESI at http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:22612