ChildrenAllomalorhagida Sørensen, Dal Zotto, Rho, Herranz, Sánchez, Pardos & Yamasaki, 2015
Cyclorhagida Zelinka, 1896
Vernaculars (+)
(-) Dutch: stekelwormen sources: VLIZ Belgian Marine Species Consortium English: kinorhynchs; mud dragons; spiny-crown worms sources: Neuhaus, B. (2013). 5. Kinorhyncha (= Echinodera). In: Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. (Ed.), Handbook of Zoology, Gastrotricha, Cycloneuralia and Gnathifera, Volume 1: Nematomorpha, Priapulida, Kinorhyncha, Loricifera. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin,. pp. 181-348. French: Kinorhynques sources: Delage, Y.; Hérouard, E. (1897). 5e Classe Kinorhynques.—Kinorhynchia [Echinodères (Dujardin);—Kinorhyncha (Reinhard)]. Traité de Zoologie Concrète. Vol. 5. Les Vermidiens, Librairie C. Reinwald, Paris, 237-242. German: Kinorhynchen, Hakenrüssler, Igelnackentiere, Stoßrüssler, Igelwürmer sources: Haeckel, E. (1896). Systematische Phylogenie. Entwurf eines Natürlichen Systems der Organismen auf Grund ihrer Stammesgeschichte. Zweiter Theil: Systematische Phylogenie der wirbellosen Thiere (Invertebrata). Berlin, Georg Reimer. Italian: Chinorhinchi sources: Neuhaus, B. (2013). 5. Kinorhyncha (= Echinodera). In: Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. (Ed.), Handbook of Zoology, Gastrotricha, Cycloneuralia and Gnathifera, Volume 1: Nematomorpha, Priapulida, Kinorhyncha, Loricifera. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin,. pp. 181-348. Japanese: 動吻動物; 動吻動物門 sources: Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology. (2009 onwards). Biological Information System for Marine Life (BISMaL). Accessed on 2018-11-21. Romanian: Kinorhinchii sources: Bacescu, M.; Bacescu, E. (1956). Kinorhinchii – reprezentanti ai unei clase de animale, nouă pentru fauna Rominească. Communicările Academiei Republicii Populare Romine. 6 (4): 543-549. Spanish, Castillian: Cinorrincos, Kinorrincos, Quinorrinchos, Quinorrincos sources: Neuhaus, B. (2013). 5. Kinorhyncha (= Echinodera). In: Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. (Ed.), Handbook of Zoology, Gastrotricha, Cycloneuralia and Gnathifera, Volume 1: Nematomorpha, Priapulida, Kinorhyncha, Loricifera. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin,. pp. 181-348. Swedish: pansarmaskar Literatureoriginal description | Reinhard, W. (1885). Kinorhyncha (Echinoderes), leur structure anatomique et leur place dans le système. Travaux de la Société des Naturalistes à l'Université Impériale de Kharkow. 19: 205-305, pls. VIII-XII. [in Russian]. | basis of record | Neuhaus, B.; van der Land, J. (2001). Cephalorhyncha (=Loricifera, Priapulida, Kinorhyncha, Nematomorpha), in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 159-160 | additional source | Needham, A. E. (1989). 10. Kinorhyncha. In: Adiyodi, K.G. & Adiyodi, R.G. (eds). Reproductive biology of invertebrates. Vol IV, Part A: Fertilization, development, and parental care. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, pp. 207–217. | additional source | Remane, A. (1936). Aschelminthes. Kinorhyncha (= Echinodera). In: Remane, A., Gastrotricha und Kinorhyncha, Dr. H. G. Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig. 4. Band: Vermes, II. Abteilung: Aschelminthes, Trochelminthes, 1. Buch, 2.Teil: Gastrotricha und Kinorhyncha, pp.243-372, Appendix pp. 373–385. | additional source | Neuhaus, B. (2013). 5. Kinorhyncha (= Echinodera). In: Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. (Ed.), Handbook of Zoology, Gastrotricha, Cycloneuralia and Gnathifera, Volume 1: Nematomorpha, Priapulida, Kinorhyncha, Loricifera. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin,. pp. 181-348. | additional source | Adrianov, A. V.; Malakhov, V. V. (1995). Synopsis of the system of the phylum Cephalorhyncha. Russian Journal of Marine Biology. 21 (2): 89-96. | additional source | Yamasaki, H.; Hiruta, S. F.; Kajihara, H. (2013). Molecular phylogeny of kinorhynchs. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 67(2): 303-310. | additional source | Adrianov, A. V.; Malakhov, V. V. (1996). The phylogeny and classification of the class Kinorhyncha. Zoosystematics Rossica. 4 (1): 23-44. | additional source | Schepotieff, A. (1907). Die Echinoderiden. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie. 88(2): 291-326, pls. XVII-XX. | additional source | van der Land, J. (ed). (2008). UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms (URMO). | additional source | Zelinka, C. (1907). Zur Kenntnis der Echinoderen. Zoologischer Anzeiger. 32(5): 130-136. | additional source | Adrianov, A. V.; Malakhov, V. V. (1994). Kinorhyncha: Structure, development, phylogeny and taxonomy. Nauka Publishing, Moscow. 1–262. [in Russian]. | additional source | Zelinka, K. (1928). Monographie der Echinodera. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig. 1-396, plates I-XXVII. | additional source | Kristensen, R. M. (2002). Kinorhyncha. Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. John Wley & Sons, Ltd. 1-3. | additional source | Remane, A. (1929). Dritte Klasse des Cladus Nemathelminthes. Kinorhyncha = Echinodera. De Gruyter, Berlin, Handbuch der Zoologie. Band 2, Lieferung 6, 187-248. | additional source | Bütschli, O. (1876). Untersuchungen über freilebende Nematoden und die Gattung Chaetonotus. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 26: 363-413. | additional source | Schepotieff, A. (1908). 3. Zur Kenntnis der Echinoderiden. Zoologischer Anzeiger. 32: 585-589. | additional source | Higgins, R.P. & H. Thiel. (1988). Introduction to the Study of Meiofauna. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. 488 pp. | additional source | Zelinka, C. (1908). Zur Anatomie der Echinoderen. Zoologischer Anzeiger. 33 (19/20): 629-647. | additional source | Greeff, R. (1869). Untersuchungen über einige merkwürdige Thiergruppen des Arthropoden- und Wurm-Typus. Archiv für Naturgeschichte. 35(1): 71-121. | additional source | Adrianov, A. V. and Malakhov, V. V. (1995). The phylogeny and classification of the phylum Cephalorhyncha. Zoosystematics Rossica. 3(2): 181-201. | additional source | de Beauchamp, P. (1965). Classe des kinorhynques. Echinodères (Dujardin 1851)—Kinorhyncha (Reinhard 1887). In: Grassé, P.-P. (ed.), Traité de Zoologie. Anatomie, systématique, biologie. Masson et Cie Éditeurs Libraires de l'Académie de Médecine, Paris. Vol. IV Némathelminthes (nématodes, gordiacés, rotifères, gastrotriches, kinorhynques), fascicule 3: 1407–1419. | additional source | González-Casarrubios, A.; Sánchez, N. (2024). Bibliometrics of Scalidophora (Animalia: Ecdysozoa): Evolution of knowledge, research topics and scientific collaborations in three distinct animal phyla. Zoologischer Anzeiger. 313: 332-344. | additional source | Reinhard, W. (1883). Zum Bau der Echinoderes. Protokoll der VII. Versammlung russischer Naturforscher und Ärzte. Sitzung der zoologischen Sektion den 22. August 1883, Odessa. Vol. 2A (3): 1-11 [in Russian]. | additional source | Neuhaus, B. (2022). How repeatable are scientific studies of Kinorhyncha? An analysis of specimen-based location and deposition data in WoRMS from 1863 to 2020. Zoologischer Anzeiger. 301: 163-173. | status source | Ruggiero, M.A., D.P. Gordon, T.M. Orrell, N. Bailly, T. Bourgoin, R.C. Brusca, T. Cavalier-Smith, M.D. Guiry & P.M. Kirk. (2015). A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms. PLOS ONE. 10(4):1-60. | taxonomy source | Laumer, C. E.; Fernández, R.; Lemer, S.; Combosch, D.; Kocot, K. M.; Riesgo, A.; Andrade, S. C. S.; Sterrer, W.; Sørensen, M. V.; Giribet, G. (2019). Revisiting metazoan phylogeny with genomic sampling of all phyla. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 286, 20190831: 1-10. | taxonomy source | Herranz, M.; Stiller, J.; Worsaae, K.; Sørensen, M. V. (2022). Phylogenomic analyses of mud dragons (Kinorhyncha). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 168, 107375: 1-10. | taxonomy source | Sørensen, M. V.; Dal Zotto, M.; Rho, H. S.; Herranz, M.; Sánchez, N.; Pardos, F.; Yamasaki, H. (2015). Phylogeny of Kinorhyncha based on morphology and two molecular loci. PLOS ONE. 10(7): e0133440, 1-33. | taxonomy source | Reinhard, W. (1887). Kinorhyncha (Echinoderes), ihr anatomischer Bau und ihre Stellung im System. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie. 45: 401-467, pls. XX-XXII. | taxonomy source | Malakhov, V. V. (1980). Cephalorhyncha, a new animal phylum uniting Priapulida, Kinorhyncha, Gordiacea, and a system of Aschelminthes worms [in Russian]. Zoologichesky Zhurnal. 59(4): 485-499. | taxonomy source | Sørensen, M. V. (2013). Phylum Kinorhyncha. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa 3703, 1-82. Zootaxa. 3703(1): 63-66. | taxonomy source | Giribet, G.; Edgecombe, G. D. (2017). Current understanding of Ecdysozoa and its internal phylogenetic relationships. Integrative and Comparative Biology. 57(3): 455-466. | taxonomy source | Telford, M. J.; Bourlat, S. J.; Economou, A.; Papillon, D.; Rota-Stabelli, O. (2008). The evolution of the Ecdysozoa. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 363: 1529-1537. | taxonomy source | Chitwood, B G. (1959). The classification of the phylum Kinorhyncha (Reinhard, 1887) Pearse, 1936. Proceedings of the XVth International Congress of Zoology, London, 16-23 July 1958, Hewer, H. R., & Riley, N. D. (eds), XVth International Congress of Zoology at the Rooms of the Linnean Society of London. 941-943. | taxonomy source | Adrianov, A. V.; Malakhov, V. V. (1999). Cephalorhyncha of the world ocean. KMK Scientific Press, Moscow. 328 pp. [in Russian and English]. | taxonomy source | Pardos, F.; Cepeda, D. (2024). Kinomenclature: An analysis of scientific names of mud dragons (Kinorhyncha). Zoologischer Anzeiger. 313: 279-288. | taxonomy source | Jeeva, C.; Mohan, P. M.; Ragavan, P.; Muruganantham, V. (2020). A review on taxonomy of phylum Kinorhyncha. Open Journal of Marine Science. 10(4): 260-294. | ecology source | Cepeda, D.; Pardos, F.; Sánchez, N. (2021). From biggest to smallest mud dragons: size-latitude trends in a group of meiobenthic animals worldwide. Organisms Diversity & Evolution. 21(1): 43-58. | identification resource | Sørensen, M. V.; Pardos, F. (2020). Kinorhyncha. In: Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. (Ed.), Guide to the identification of marine meiofauna. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munich. 391-414. | identification resource | Dal Zotto, M.; Todaro, M. A. (2016). Kinorhyncha from Italy, a revision of the current checklist and an account of the recent investigations. Zoologischer Anzeiger - A Journal of Comparative Zoology. 265: 90-107. | identification resource | Adrianov, A. V. (2011). Phylum Cephalorhyncha, class Kinorhyncha. In: Buzhinskaja, G.N. (ed.), Illustrated key to the invertebrates of Eurasien Arctic Seas and adjacent deep waters, Vol. 2 Nemertea, Cephalorhyncha, Oligochaeta, Hirudinida, Pogonophora, Echiura, Sipuncula, Phoronida, and Brachiopoda. Alaska Sea Grant, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks. pp. 41-49. | identification resource | Adrianov, A. V.; Maiorova, A. (2020). Chapter 13 Kinorhyncha. A review on biogeography of the deep-sea Kinorhyncha (phylum Cephalorhyncha Malakhov, 1980) along the NW Pacific. In: Saeedi, H. & Brandt, A. (eds), Biogeographic atlas of the deep NW Pacific fauna. 251-266. | identification resource | Neuhaus, B. (2004). 19. Kinorhyncha. In: Hofrichter, R. (ed.), Das Mittelmeer. Fauna, Flora, Ökologie. Vol. II/2 Bestimmungsführer, pp. 646-653. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag. | identification resource | Chatterjee, T. (2019). A review note on research studies of Kinorhyncha from India. Cahiers de Biologie Marine. 60: 183-188. | identification resource | Boykin, J. C. (1974). Phylum Kinorhyncha. In: E.N. Kozloff (ed.), Keys to the marine invertebrates of Puget Sound and the San Juan Archipelago, and adjacent regions. VII + 266 pp. University of Washington Press, Seattle. pp. 39-41. | identification resource | Sørensen, M. V.; Pardos, F. (2008). Kinorhynch systematics and biology – an introduction to the study of kinorhynchs, inclusive identification keys to the genera. Meiofauna Marina. 16: 21-73. | identification resource | Bacescu, M. (1968). Class Kinorhyncha. Determination of the fauna of the Black and Azov Seas. 3rd edition. [2 English translations]. Naukova Dumka. 1, Free-living invertebrates: 237-250. | identification resource | Yamasaki, H. (2017). Diversity of Kinorhyncha in Japan and phylogenetic relationships of the phylum. In: Motokawa, M. & Kajihara, H. (eds), Species diversity of animals in Japan, diversity and commonality in animals. Springer Press, Tokyo. pp. 543-563. | identification resource | Remane, A. (1928). VII. d2 Kinorhyncha. In: Grimpe, G. & Wagler, E. (eds), Tierwelt der Nord- und Ostsee. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Becker & Erler, Leipzig. VIId5: 57-84. | biology source | Zelinka, C. (1914). Zwei Ektoparasiten der Echinoderen aus der Klasse der Ciliaten. Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte. 85. Versammlung zu Wien, Teil 2, 1. Hälfte, Nr. 13, 680-683. | biology source | Higgins, R. P. (1974). Chapter 11 Kinorhyncha. In: Giese, A. C. & Pearse, J. S. (Eds), Reproduction of marine invertebrates, Vol. I. Acoelomate and pseudocoelomate metazoans. Academic Press, New York, pp. 507-518. | biology source | Nyholm, K.-G.; Nyholm, P.-G. (1983). 11. Kinorhyncha. In: Adiyodi, K.G. & Adiyodi, R.G. (eds), Reproductive biology of invertebrates, Vol. II: Spermatogenesis and sperm function. John Wiley & Sons, New York. pp. 207-220. | biology source | Adrianov, A. V.; Malakhov, V. V. (1999). 7. Kinorhyncha. In: Adiyodi, K.G. & Adiyodi, R.G. (eds.) Reproductive biology of invertebrates, Vol. IX, Part A: Progress in male gamete ultrastructure and phylogeny. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. pp. 193–211. | biology source | Neuhaus, B. (2004). 19. Kinorhyncha. In: Hofrichter, R. (ed.), Das Mittelmeer. Fauna, Flora, Ökologie. Vol. II/2 Bestimmungsführer, pp. 646-653. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag. | biology source | Neuhaus, B. (1999). Kinorhyncha. In: Knobil, E. & Neill, J. D. (eds), Encyclopedia of reproduction, Vol 2, pp. 933-937. Academic Press, New York. | biology source | Neuhaus, B.; Higgins, R. P. (2002). Ultrastructure, biology, and phylogenetic relationships of Kinorhyncha. Integrative and Comparative Biology. 42(3): 619-632. |
 
 Genbank
CitationNeuhaus, B. (2025). World Kinorhyncha Database. Kinorhyncha. Via: Costello, M.J.; Bouchet, P.; Boxshall, G.; Arvantidis, C.; Appeltans, W. (2011) European Register of Marine Species, Accessed through PESI at http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:101060ImageOccurrence
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